SS-31

Source-reported examples · not treatment recommendations

Amount

5–10 mg per day; separate examples reach 15–20 mg

Frequency

Once daily

Cycle / observation period

8–12 weeks

Route / research model

Subcutaneous

These source examples are not the product-specific Forzinity regimen. Product, indication and trial context must be checked separately.

Titration & progression

A dose range is not a titration schedule. No independently verified stepwise escalation has been established for this source-reported regimen.

Compare vial strengths here. A different vial size changes the available material, not the biological dose.

Diluent & formulation

Diluent compatibility is formulation-specific. A verified manufacturer instruction is still needed before bacteriostatic water or another diluent can be listed as suitable for this research material.

Read the reconstitution guide →

Selected observations from the cited research. Each finding retains its study population, formulation and limitations.

• The original older-adult trial identifies SS-31 as a name used in the literature for elamipretide. This connection helps locate studies that do not use SS-31 in their titles. ^[1]
• FDA's trial snapshot describes 12 participants in the randomized Barth study, with ten entering the open-label extension and eight participating through extension week 168. All participants were male; the small, selected cohort limited subgroup assessment. ^[5]
• The prescribing information states that the randomized Barth trial did not show superiority on walking distance or total fatigue. Knee-extensor strength increases were observed during the open-label extension, rather than during the randomized phase. ^[4]
• The Forzinity label warns about hypersensitivity reactions, including serious allergic reactions requiring emergency care. It also describes increased exposure in people with renal impairment. These are product-specific considerations for clinical management. ^[4]

Read the complete research profile →

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Medical publications and supporting literature from the corresponding protocol bibliographies, combined across vial strengths. Supplier and commercial catalog references are excluded. Duplicate destinations appear once. Inclusion does not mean that a paper validates the reported dose, or that an ingredient study tests the finished blend.

Bibliography checked September 22, 2026: 80 entries mapped from 3 source pages. Medical and supporting references are retained below; supplier entries are excluded.

1. Older-adult metabolic trial, 2021
2. MMPOWER-2, 2020
3. MMPOWER-3, 2023
4. Forzinity prescribing information
5. FDA Forzinity trial snapshot
6. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2025) – Elamipretide: structure, mechanism, and therapeutic research review.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
7. British Journal of Pharmacology – Cardiolipin-binding and mitochondrial membrane mechanism of SS-31.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration – Accelerated approval announcement for elamipretide in Barth syndrome.Regulatory / product information · Listed in reference bibliography.
9. Journal of Cardiac Failure (2020) – PROGRESS-HF randomized study of 4 mg and 40 mg daily elamipretide.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
10. Genetics in Medicine (2021) – TAZPOWER trial of elamipretide in Barth syndrome.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
11. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Cardiolipin remodeling, cristae structure, and mitochondrial function.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
12. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology – SS-31, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial bioenergetics.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
13. Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation – SS-31 preclinical and clinical evidence overview.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
14. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases – Barth syndrome clinical presentation and emerging therapies.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – General subcutaneous administration guidance.General guidance · Listed in reference bibliography.
16. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center – Subcutaneous injection procedure guide.General guidance · Listed in reference bibliography.
17. NCBI Bookshelf – Best practices for injection preparation and administration.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
18. Pharmacologic Considerations of Subcutaneous Drug Administration – Site rotation and absorption considerations.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
19. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2024) – Long-term open-label elamipretide outcomes in Barth syndrome.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
20. Circulation: Heart Failure (2017) – Intravenous elamipretide study in heart failure.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
21. Ophthalmology Science (2022) – ReCLAIM phase 1 study in dry age-related macular degeneration.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
22. Ophthalmology Science (2024) – ReCLAIM-2 study of elamipretide in geographic atrophy.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
23. FASEB Journal (2020) – Experimental study of elamipretide and mitochondrial bioenergetics.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
24. Scientific Reports (2020) – Mitochondrial protein interactions associated with elamipretide.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
25. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) — PROGRESS‑HF trial: safety and tolerability of elamipretide in heart failure patientsFurther reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
26. Neurology (AAN Journals) — MMPOWER‑2 trial: elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathyFurther reading · Listed in reference bibliography.
27. Genetics in Medicine (Nature)No destination link supplied in the source bibliography.Further reading · Listed in reference bibliography.

Reported schedule reference: PeptideDosages.com. Research findings are summarized independently from the listed sources.